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Showing posts with label Diet Plans and Programs. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Diet Plans and Programs. Show all posts

Skinny Trimmings

Trying to slim down but can't bear the thought of giving up your daily dish of dulce de leche fro-yo? No problem. Too much deprivation is bad for dieters — trimming more than 500 calories a day can slow down your metabolism and trigger cravings intense enough to sabotage even the most valiant weight-loss efforts, according to Cynthia Sass, R.D., coauthor of Your Diet Is Driving Me Crazy. So the only question is: How fast do you want to lose the weight? Whether your goal is to shed a pound a week (the amount you can lose if you cut 500 calories a day) or a pound a month (if you cut 100), we've got the tricks and tips you need to kiss those extra pounds goodbye — without kissing off cake.

To Lose 1 Pound Per Week
Dodge dining-out disasters
Even your seemingly healthy grilled swordfish and vegetables can pack more calories and fat than a stick of butter. "Many restaurant meals contain up to 2 ounces of added oil [500 calories]," says Anita Jones, founder of the Healthy Dining Program, which analyzes the nutritional content of restaurant food. Pasta dishes are notorious: Oil is used throughout the cooking process and added to sauces and cooked noodles. Stick with steamed veggies and grilled, poached, or broiled lean protein (like poultry and fish), and ask the chef to prepare your dishes without oil. Or just cook meals at home instead of eating out.

Careful With That Cappuccino
Vanilla shots, caramel, sugar packets — they're not harmless just because they're in your cup of joe. A large white-chocolate mocha with whipped cream from Starbucks logs in at 630 calories (the whip alone has 100!). Get your sweet fix with two shots of sugar-free vanilla syrup in a medium cappuccino with soy or fat-free milk and kick 500 empty calories to the curb.

Dress Down
"Most entrée salads at restaurants are pre-dressed with 6 to 10 tablespoons of dressing," Jones says. "And most dressings have 70 to 100 calories per tablespoon and 7 to 10 grams of fat." That's an average of 680 calories just for the dressing (let's not even get into croutons and bacon bits). Order dressing on the side and dip into it sparingly with your fork between bites — you'll cut back to about 2 tablespoons (roughly 175 calories).

Lighten Up At Happy Hour
If it tastes sweet or has a salty rim, it's usually bad news — think cosmos, lemon drops, and appletinis. Most cocktails have 2 to 5 ounces of liquor. Add in 5 ounces of sugary syrups or mixers like cola, grenadine, and Midori and you can down more than 700 calories in just one drink. Stay away from Margaritaville (and below 100 calories) by pairing your liquor with diet or club soda. Or go for a bottle of light beer or a 5-ounce glass of chardonnay, which contain around 125 calories each. Sorry, Jimmy.

To Lose 1 Pound Every 2 Weeks
Cut Out 300 Calories A Day

HERE'S HOW
Be Tricky In The Kitchen
For leaner cuisine — and to save 115 calories — swap out that tablespoon of olive oil for canola or olive oil cooking spray. Sauté vegetables and fish with 1/4 cup of broth rather than 1 tablespoon of butter and trim 100 more. Replace the quarter cup of heavy cream in Alfredo and cheese sauces with the same amount of skim milk mixed with 2 tablespoons of flour — bam, another 150.

Switch Dishes
The larger the serving dish, the more you're likely to consume, according to recent research in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Downsize your ice cream bowl and serve that fettuccine on a 9-inch appetizer plate instead of a standard 11-inch dish — you can save up to 300 calories in a day, says Jenna Anding, Ph.D., associate professor of nutrition and food science at Texas A&M University. Dining out? Cut your entreé in half and doggie-bag it as soon as your food arrives.

Skip The Sweet Swill
"One of the easiest ways to uncover hidden calories is to look at your beverage consumption," Sass says. American women get up to 300 more calories a day now than they did 30 years ago. At least half of those come from sweetened beverages like soda and fruit juice, according to the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. A 20-ounce bottle of Arizona Iced Tea has 240 calories — about as much as a small meal. Ditch the sports drinks, fruit punch, and Slurpees and get your produce nutrients from whole fruit instead of juice — a 1-pint carton of Tropicana Pure Premium orange juice has 220 calories. An orange? About 35.

Pare Down Your PMS Picks
Forgo the cup of Ben & Jerry's for the same amount of low-fat ice cream. Slow-Churned Dreyer's Grand Light Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough has only 260 calories per cup. The B&J version? 540 calories. Yeah, we know that eating Ben & Jerry's is as close as any of us is likely to get to paradise on earth. So if you just can't live without the boys, mix 2 tablespoons into a cup of the skinnier stuff and you'll still save 250 calories.

To Lose 1 Pound Per Month
Cut Out 100 Calories A Day

HERE'S HOW
Buy Skinnier Bread
The calorie content in different brands can vary as wildly as Anna Nicole's "before" and "after" shots. For example, Milton's Healthy Whole Grain packs 90 calories a slice, while Sara Lee Delightful Wheat weighs in at just 45. Switch brands and you cut your sandwich calories by 90. Better yet, wrap your cold cuts in lettuce — a big leaf of romaine has only 10 calories.

Trade Up Your Toppings
Swap the half-cup of guacamole on your burrito for an equal amount of salsa and spare yourself 150 calories. Get the same savings by using salsa in place of the sour cream on your baked potato and the mayo on your wrap. Other tricks of the topping trade: Swap Gorgonzola for grated Parmesan, dip vegetables into hummus instead of ranch dressing, and sprinkle salads with lightly toasted pecans rather than oil-soaked croutons.

Turn Off The Tube
We know Laguna Beach reruns can be just as tempting as tiramisu, but too many hours in front of your plasma screen can wreak havoc on your waistline. Researchers from Georgia State University found that people took in up to 130 more calories on days when they ate in front of the TV than on days when they left the remote alone.

Spritz Up Your Vino
Mix 3 ounces of club soda with 3 ounces of wine and your drink will have about 60 calories. If you usually have two glasses of Shiraz, substituting the bubbly stuff will save you about 120 calories. An added bonus: Research shows that moderate drinking (one drink daily for women) may increase levels of leptin, a natural hormone that curbs the appetite for sweets.

Camouflage Your Candy
A study published in the International Journal of Obesity found that office workers who kept candy within reach in a clear dish ate three times as much as those who kept it farther away in an opaque container. That's a 150-calorie difference. If you've gotta have a Godiva stash, make sure it's out of sight and that you have to work (at least a little) to get to it.

Bulk Up
Eating low-cal, fiber-rich foods before a meal — think fruits, vegetables, and broth-based soups — can help reduce your total calorie intake. A study in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association found that women who ate a 100-calorie salad before their meal consumed 12 percent less — 107 fewer calories — overall (salad included) than those who skipped the leafy appetizer. Make your first course a cup of veggie soup or 2 cups of mixed salad with reduced-fat cheese and fat-free dressing. Now get chopping!

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Five Steps to a 5-Star Body

Getting your best body can be as simple as counting to five every day. Really! No matter what goal you’re pursuing—shedding those 10 pounds that have been hanging around too long, toning your trouble zones or simply eating healthier. It's so easy. I think of it as my five-star day. The five-star day is so simple—you just give yourself a star for everything you do right. You get stars for:

Sleep! Try to catch 7 to 9 hours each night. This, I know from personal experience, can seem like an unrealistic goal, but the amount of research that supports the connection between shut-eye and health makes me shoot for this star every day. For starters, catching enough zzz’s can help you lose weight. In a study of more than 68,000 women, those who dozed seven hours a night weighed 5.5 pounds less than women who slept five hours or less. Ample sleep encourages your body to make more of the fullness hormone leptin and less of the hunger hormone ghrelin, so you’re not as hungry. Snoozing can also curb anxiety and depression, both of which can lead to emotional eating. As if that’s not enough reason, too little rest can cloud moral judgment, too. Try going to bed just 30 minutes earlier each night to see how much you’ll benefit.

Exercise! Yes, breaking a sweat can help you lose weight, but it can also curb cravings, help you live longer, reduce stress, undo some of the damage of eating fatty foods—and those are just a few of the benefits. Aim for 30 minutes a day—even a walk counts toward your tally—and give yourself a star each time you fulfill that goal with any one of your favorite workouts.

Eat right! No, you don’t have to count calories. You can eat healthy and have delicious, filling and satisfying meals (snacks, too!). If you’re doing the 2009 SELF Challenge, give yourself a star for every day that you eat according to the Challenge meal plan and log your meals in your online food diary. If you’re not doing the Challenge, you can still snag a star when you’ve eaten in a way that makes your body feel good—and you feel proud. For me, that’s when I opt for yogurt with berries rather than a muffin at breakfast, have a salad with tofu for lunch and choose salmon over steak at dinner, then skip the ice cream pig-out late at night. Yes, it’s that simple! I’m not perfect, and there are definitely days when I have a second glass of wine or a too-generous square of my favorite dark chocolate bar, but I find that once I start building that five-star day, I get invested in it and want to keep it up.

Stretch! Limbering up is a way to thank your muscles for all the hard work they do for you each day. It can also help you increase your overall range of motion, making exercise seem less difficult. And when workouts are less daunting, you’ll not only enjoy them more, but you also will probably do them more often, too! To me, yoga and pilates count, as does just stretching at the kitchen counter as I watch the headlines in the morning. No need to set aside a huge block of time! However you choose to go Gumby, give yourself a star for treating your body to a break.

Talk yourself up! This might be the most important part of the five-star plan: Giving yourself a well-deserved pat on the back for simply being strong, smart and healthy. Even on days when you only notch one or two other stars, take a moment to give yourself credit for being a truly amazing human being. Talking yourself up carries over to other areas of your life: Not only will you feel more confident, but research shows you will also get sick about 30 percent less frequently, stave off emotional eating and reduce your cancer risk. There are plenty of other reasons to celebrate your body. Pretty impressive for a few pats on the back!

Create your own five-star days: When you join the Challenge, you can use our free online logs to track the stars you earn each day. Counting stars is motivating, and rewarding yourself for smart, healthy behavior is more inspiring than the negative mind-sets required by most "diets." I had to create a system in my own head that was simple, easy to track and optimistic. The best part is that you get to start fresh every day, so even if you only manage one or two stars one day, you can stay with it by going to sleep early and telling yourself, like Scarlett O’Hara, tomorrow is another day!

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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has just approved the over-the-counter (OTC) purchase of an orlistat pill. This product, with the brand name Alli, contains one-half the amount of orlistat present in the prescription product with the brand name Xenical.

Xenical has not proven a blockbuster drug for producing weight loss. In a series of trials, people taking Xenical for one year lost 6.4 lbs. more than did those taking a placebo during the same period. Not great, you would agree, but still better than the dozens of widely promoted weight-loss products for which no proof for any weight loss exists.

The other approved prescription drug for weight loss, sibutramine (Meridia), is somewhat more effective than Xenical. At the end of one year, those taking sibutramine lost 10 lbs. more than did those taking a placebo.

OTC Alli is taken three times daily, one with each major meal. The drug works by blocking the action of an intestinal enzyme required for the breakdown of the major dietary fats (triglycerides).

Undigested triglycerides cause the major side effects of orlistat - oily, liquid stools and frequent bowel movements. Weight loss is achieved for two reasons. First, a significant number of fat calories, which ordinarily account for about 30 percent of calories in the diet, are lost with the stools. In addition, people taking orlistat soon learn that they will have fewer intestinal symptoms if they reduce the amount of fat in their diet.

Fat-soluble vitamins - vitamins A, D, and E - are lost in the stools along with the undigested triglycerides. So, if you decide to try Alli, you should also add a multivitamin pill at bedtime.

The FDA warned that Alli should only be used by adults who are overweight or obese, and who have not had an organ transplant or intestinal problems associated with poor absorption of nutrients. The FDA notice also stated that anyone taking blood-thinning medications or who is being treated for diabetes or thyroid disorders should check with their doctor before taking orlistat.

It's not clear whether taking half the dose of Xenical will lead to even less weight loss than with Xenical itself, perhaps only three to four pounds by the end of a year. You should keep in mind the alternatives: In one year, you could lose five pounds by eliminating 50 calories a day, or 4.5 lbs. by walking one mile three times a week.

How can you eliminate 50 calories a day from your diet? One chocolate chip cookie, a 12-ounce beer, and an ounce of potato chips each contain about 150 calories. So all you have to do, for example, is to skip one of these every three days.

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Lose 30 Pounds in 3 Months

Three months before my wedding, I had a realization: I don't want to be a fat groom. After all, a cummerbund can only help so much. And besides, what kind of man would marry a beautiful woman knowing he's going to die young?

That's not hyperbole. My 5'9'' frame tipped the scales at 231 pounds, easily qualifying me as obese — a designation that advanced my biological age of 26 by 2 decades, according to a UCLA study.

More disturbing, a blood test showed that I was on the verge of diabetes, despite having no obvious symptoms (other than a bulging belly). For the first time, being fat felt irresponsible.

But dramatic change doesn't take as long as you might think. In 12 weeks, I lost 33 pounds and whittled 5 inches off my waist — just in time for our big day. And, even better, my latest blood work came back nearly normal. How'd I do it? Keep reading.

The Tipping Point
Like most overweight men, I wasn't proud of carrying around all that extra flab — especially since I'm an editor at Men's Health. But it wasn't until I literally feared for my life that I became fully committed to change. That day arrived when I met with Keith Berkowitz, M.D., medical director of the Center for Balanced Health, in New York City. His specialty: turning the obese thin.

When I showed up at his office, Dr. Berkowitz first analyzed a blood test I'd had done in preparation for our meeting. My triglycerides — a measure of the fat circulating in my bloodstream — were more than double what's considered normal. I was also insulin resistant. That means my body was having to produce 10 times the amount of insulin — a hormone that signals your body to store fat — normally secreted by a healthy guy my age. Both of these measurements are key predictors of future heart disease. Can you say "instant motivation"?

Chances are, if you're overweight, your blood work may look similar. Research shows that heavier men have higher cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure than their leaner counterparts. And, according to Dr. Berkowitz, almost half of the population is insulin resistant. The most telling physical sign: abdominal fat. Still need a kick in the pants? Ask your physician for a complete blood profile; fear is a great motivator.

The Action Plan
Much to my horror, Dr. Berkowitz recommended a "controlled-carbohydrate diet." That doesn't mean cutting out carbohydrates altogether. Rather, you restrict the types that significantly raise your blood sugar and thus your insulin levels — for instance, those found in soda, candy, and foods made with flour. Which happen to be the carbs I like the most. And, surprisingly, my don't-eat list even included whole grains at first. The reason? Although healthy for men with normal insulin function, whole grains still raise insulin levels. For me, that made them a food to avoid until I lost weight and saw improvements in my blood work, at which time I could add them back slowly in the form of high-fiber crackers or flaxseed bread.

The upshot is that this plan limited my carbs to those found in vegetables and fruit, which was a drastic change from my regular, carbohydrate-laden diet. After all, it meant I had to give up Entenmann's night. (I'll leave the menu to your imagination.) So I wasn't sure I could stick with it.

Enter Valerie Berkowitz. While Keith Berkowitz served as general manager of my diet, his wife, Valerie — a registered dietitian and director of nutrition at the Center for Balanced Health — took the job of head coach. She helped me create an eating plan that was user-friendly and required no calorie counting. Basically, my instructions were to eat only when hungry and to the point of fullness, incorporating the five simple rules that follow. I could eat as much meat and vegetables as I wanted, and was allowed 3 to 5 ounces of cheese and two servings daily of low-glycemic fruits — berries, melons, peaches, plums, apples, oranges, and kiwis. I was also advised to drink 80 ounces of water daily. Use these guidelines yourself and you, too, can lose 30 pounds in 3 months.

1. Cut Out Fast-Digesting Carbs
For the most part, these are foods that are made with sugar or are high in starch, such as bread, pasta, any other flour-based food, potatoes, and rice. Because they all contain high amounts of glucose, they raise blood sugar quickly. "This is the trigger that signals your body to release a flood of insulin," says Valerie. Eliminate these foods and insulin levels stay near rock bottom. And that simultaneously improves your health and speeds fat loss. In fact, when University of Connecticut researchers analyzed why low-carb dieters were so successful, they calculated that 70 percent of their weight loss stemmed from low insulin levels. (One note: Because milk has a significant number of carbohydrates, it was also off-limits until my blood profile showed I was healthier.)

2. Eat More Vegetables
This may be the ultimate diet cliche, but there's no question it works. In fact, a study of more than 2,000 low-carb dieters found that, on average, the biggest losers were consuming four servings of nonstarchy vegetables a day. That's virtually any vegetable of your choice other than potatoes (white, sweet, or fried), carrots, and corn. "Eating more produce increases the amount of fiber in your diet, which helps keep you full," says Valerie. For an even greater fiber boost, I added a daily glass of Metamucil (the sugar-free version). If you've never taken Metamucil, its effectiveness in reducing your appetite is nothing short of amazing.

3. Have Protein at Every Meal
This is especially important at breakfast and with snacks, when guys are most likely to skimp on this muscle-building nutrient. (Thanks a lot, cereal.) Case in point: University of Illinois scientists report that, on average, people consume 65 percent of their protein after 6 p.m. More important, the researchers found that to optimally preserve your muscle as you lose weight, you need to take in protein at each meal throughout the day. "Besides nourishing your muscles, the added protein will help keep you from overeating," says Valerie. The best sources are beef, chicken, fish, dairy, and eggs.

4. Don't Be Afraid of Natural Fat
That's right, the kind that's found in a piece of meat, an omelet, an avocado, olives, or olive-oil-based dressing. Because fat alone doesn't raise your insulin levels, it has little to do with making you fat, contrary to popular opinion, says Valerie. High amounts of carbs coupled with high amounts of fat are the real culprit, she explains, since they stimulate the release of insulin, causing your body to store fat instead of burn it. But what about heart health? In a review of 13 studies published in the Journal of Nutrition, researchers determined that low-carbohydrate diets — all of which provided at least 50 percent of daily calories from fat — were more effective at reducing heart-disease risk than traditional low-fat diets.

5. Forget About Processed Foods
Prediet, I lived on lunchmeat. But Valerie nixed these packaged meats quickly, because most contain added salt (affecting weight and blood pressure) and sugar, as well as nitrates, which are associated with an increased risk of cancer. Instead, I ate ground beef and ground turkey. (Both take only a few minutes to cook at night and taste great cold the following day.) I did slip up, though. On my 15th day on the program, I discovered Terra vegetable chips. "A delicious potpourri of exotic vegetables," the bag says. Sounded healthy to me, so I crunched on them hard during long days at work. A week later, when I told Valerie about my new favorite addiction, a sharp scolding followed. I'd been suckered by the word "vegetable." These chips are made from starchy root vegetables, so their carbohydrate count is similar to that of potato chips; and they're loaded with salt. The scale reflected my mistake. If you follow only one rule, make it this: If it comes in a box or a bag, skip it. I guarantee you'll have success.

The Gut-Busting Workout
Finish off the flab with this full-body fat-burning routine from Michael Mejia, C.S.C.S., author of The Better Body Blueprint. Itâ€Ã‚™s designed to speed your results and improve your fitness, while protecting your hard-earned muscle — all in just 3 days a week.

How To Do It
Warmup: Before each workout, warm up with 5 minutes of light aerobic exercise or calisthenics.

Weight training: Do the weight workout that follows 3 days a week, resting at least a day after each session. Perform the exercises as a circuit, completing one set of 10 to 12 repetitions of each movement before resting for 60 seconds. Then repeat the entire sequence one or two times, for a total of two or three circuits. Every other workout, reverse the order in which you do the exercises. So in one session youâ€Ã‚™ll start with the overhead squat, and the next youâ€Ã‚™ll begin with the pushup.

1. Overhead squat
Stand holding dumbbells overhead with a grip thatâ€Ã‚™s twice shoulder-width. Begin by descending into a squat, making sure that the dumbbells stay out of your peripheral vision and donâ€Ã‚™t drift forward. When your thighs are parallel to the floor, pause for a second before pressing back up to the starting position.

2. Pushup-position row
Get into pushup position with your arms straight and your hands resting on light dumbbells. Spread your feet apart for balance. Tighten your abs as you pull one dumbbell off the floor and draw it toward your chest until your elbow is above your back. Pause, then slowly return the weight to the floor and repeat with the other arm. TIP: If holding both dumbbells feels awkward, try doing the exercise holding only one dumbbell and place your other hand on the floor.

3. Lying hip extension
Lie on the floor with your arms out to the side, knees bent and feet flat on the floor. Pushing with your gluteals and hamstrings, dig your heels down into the floor and lift your hips until your body forms a ramp that descends from your knees to your shoulders. Pause, then return to the starting position.

4. Lat pulldown
Grab a lat-pulldown bar with a "false" overhand grip that's just beyond shoulder width. A false grip means you place your thumb on top of the bar, alongside your index finger, rather than wrap it around the bar. Pull the bar down to your chest. Pause, and slowly return to the starting position.

5. Russian twist
Grab a weight plate with both hands and sit on the floor with your knees bent and your feet flat. Hold the weight plate straight out in front of your chest with your palms facing each other. Lean back so your torso is at a 45-degree angle from the floor. Twist to the left as far as you can, pause, then reverse the movement and twist all the way back to the right as far as you can, and pause. Return to the starting position.

6. Pushup
Support your body with the balls of your feet and with your hands, positioning the latter slightly wider than shoulder-width apart, palms flat on the floor. Straighten your arms without locking your elbows. Lower your torso until your chest is just a fraction of an inch off the floor. Push yourself back to the starting position.

Cardio: After each weight-training session, finish up with 12 to 15 minutes of aerobic exercise — running, cycling, rowing — using an intensity that you judge to be a 7 or 8 on a 10-point scale.

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Potentially Dangerous Diet Strategies

In the diet industry, anything goes. "Appetite-suppressing eyeglasses" boast colored lenses that are said to project an image on the retina that dampens the desire to eat. "Magic weight-loss earrings" are custom-fitted to the purchaser to stimulate, it is claimed, the acupuncture points controlling hunger. (Neither has been proven effective.) Much of the diet advice you encounter may be misleading, and some of it can be downright dangerous. Beware of the following weight-loss wonders.

Diet Pills. Over-the-counter "diet aids" really do work - but only for a while. They contain stimulants that decreases your appetite, and/or mild diuretics which cause you to eliminate fluids more quickly than normal. These pills can temporarily cause your weight to drop, but they won't eliminate body fat. As soon as you stop taking them, your weight is likely to bounce back to its previous level. Until recently, many diet pills contained phenylpropanolamine (PPA), a stimulant chemically similar to amphetamine. But the FDA is now taking steps to remove the drug from all products after researchers discovered that PPA slightly increased the risk of bleeding in the brain among women who used the drug for weight control or nasal decongestion. Other over-the-counter diet aids that pose dangers include herbal formulas containing ephedra or aristolochic acid, and supplements containing tiratricol, a potent thyroid hormone.

The side effects of diet pills can range from the mild - dizziness, nausea, and increased urination - to the severe - chest pain, heart attack, liver and kidney damage, stroke, seizures, and even death. The pills can be dangerous for people with heart problems, thyroid disease, and high blood pressure. "Pills are not the answer," says Dr. Pi-Sunyer. "The answer is diet and exercise. There is effort involved in weight loss."

Fasting. When you fast, you lose muscle before fat. After a day or two of fasting, many people succumb to a high-calorie binge. Long-term fasting is hazardous, since it weakens your immune system and places a strain on vital organs.

Skin Patches. These "diet patches," which supposedly contain an appetite suppressant, have not been proven safe or effective. The Food and Drug Administration has seized millions of these products from promoters.

Diuretics. The weight you lose is only water weight. The loss is temporary and doesn't include any fat. Diuretics can promote dangerous dehydration and cardiac problems.

Electrical muscle stimulators. These devices, which have legitimate medical uses in physical therapy, have no place in weight loss or body toning. You just can't zap off the fat. When used incorrectly, the devices can cause electrical shocks and burns.

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How to Lose Weight Like a Guy

Think the most infuriating thing a guy can say to you is, "Yeah, it does make your butt look big"? Wrong.

The one phrase that can turn any relationship into a nuclear winter is: "I need to drop 5 pounds—I'll cut out the beer."

And here is the ugly truth: One beerless Patriots game and your guy is back in his high school gym shorts. You could forgo beer forever and be about as close to getting into your high school gym shorts as you are to fitting into one of Barbie's dream gowns. It's not fair.

Face it, guys are just losers. Well, better losers than we are. Even though we'd knock 'em dead in the Jeopardy! weight loss category—we know everything there is to know about calories and fitness—they have the physiological edge. When Paul Tasner decides to drop a few pounds, says his wife, Barbara Walter, an ambulatory surgery nurse and a wellness coach in the San Francisco area, it seems to happen overnight: "It looks like he had a belly suit on, and then a day later, he takes it off and there's a slim guy underneath. It really pisses me off."

Men's bigger muscle mass—in fact, their bigger-ness overall—helps them burn 30% more calories than we do, says nutritionist Cynthia Sass, RD, coauthor of Your Diet Is Driving Me Crazy. They have other advantages, too: For one, their hormones don't leave them waterlogged—and heavier—1 week a month. We generally have more body fat and are biologically more inclined to store it (possibly to nourish those dozen babies nature wants us to have).

The bad habits guys overcome (beer and chips) seem to result in instant weight loss, while ours (mistaking a box of Ring Dings for a therapist) seem too emotionally hardwired to short-circuit. Finally, in the gym, they grab the big, macho barbells and do routines that make them grunt. Our weights tend to be pink...and puny.

But all is not, ahem, lost. We women may never have the biological or psychological weight loss advantages men enjoy, but we are clever enough to learn new tricks. In other words, if there's no way to beat them at the dieting game, we might as well join them. Here are five guy habits that can help you lose weight—and keep it off. Happily, none of them involves testosterone.

He doesn't crave sweets
Both men and women have cravings, and no, he doesn't have an easier time fighting them off. But your comfort food is likely to be chocolate, pudding, or a cheese Danish, while his is a thick, juicy steak. A recent Cornell University study found that women seek out sweets to ward off the blues; men turn to meat when they want to indulge. The advantage of his choice: It's protein, which will help fill him up far better than your coffee cake. A study published last year by researchers at the University of Washington School of Medicine found that the secret weight loss weapon of low-carb diets is protein, because it promotes satiety, the scientific term for fullness, which curbs overeating.

If cravings are your downfall, you have a choice of tactics here:

Eat a little protein
When a craving hits, have low-fat string cheese, a low-fat turkey and cheese roll-up, or fat-free cottage cheese mixed with some cut-up fruit instead of a sweet.

Have protein-packed chocolate
Take a tip from Prevention weight loss advisor Holly Wyatt, MD, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center: "When I'm craving chocolate, I have a chocolate-coated energy bar or another similar protein bar for 210 calories. I've gotten to the point where that tastes like candy to me." But not so good that she starts in on a second.

He doesn't berate himself when he screws up
Okay, you blew it. You had PMS, or your accountant called with news of a surprise audit, and the jelly doughnut hollered, "Eat me!" What do you do next? If you're a woman, you throw up your hands, tell yourself what a bad person you are, and reach for another doughnut. Then you wallow in self-loathing for days. And what does a guy do?

"He feels okay, maybe even good, and really enjoys that steak," laughs emotional-eating expert Edward Abramson, PhD, a professor emeritus of psychology at California State University and author of Body Intelligence. But he doesn't order another one—he climbs back on the weight loss wagon, no harm, no foul. The best way to beat that diet-busting trap:

Apply his 80% rule
"Most guys avoid anything that even smacks of perfectionism," and that applies to dieting, too, says Pamela Peeke, MD, an assistant clinical professor of medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and author of Body for Life for Women.

"When women start a diet, they go from zero to 100—they become 'perfect' overnight, which is a hallmark of failure. That's why I developed the 80% rule: Hit your weight loss goals 80% every single day you can. One day, it'll be 120% because it happens to be a great day. Other days, you'll hit 50% or even 20% when you're dealing with PMS. Just make sure it averages out to 80%."

He goes for weights with muscle
Women are catching on to strength-training, but some experts think women ought to approach weights more like a man. "When a guy goes to the gym, he'll usually pick an exercise that allows him to use the most impressive-looking weights," says Lou Schuler, a certified strength and conditioning specialist and author of The New Rules of Lifting.

The result: muscle building in less time, working a range of muscles at once instead of one in isolation. "A woman, on the other hand, will go for light dumbbells and do an exercise that allows her to use perfect form—but will do the least amount of good." To wit: "the 12 triceps exercises women do" to rid themselves of underarm dingle-dangle, says Schuler.

"All those little exercises are like Chinese water torture for your muscles: a little drip here, a little drip there. You think if you do them enough then these nice, streamlined muscles will show up, but no, they won't." So, stop wasting your time, and do what the Y chromosome folks do:

Drop the "Barbie" weights
If you're doing two sets of 12 or 15 reps, your weights are probably too light, says Schuler. Graduate to the black weights—the ones made of real iron—and move toward higher poundage that makes you strain to do 8 to 10, says Schuler. "Once your body is used to 10, then increase the weight until you're only able to do 3 reps. At sports medicine conferences, I've seen scans of women's upper arms before and after this kind of training program, and the girth of their upper arms hasn't changed, but you can see the fat tissue is reduced and how much more muscle there is."

Work out in life's gym
Daily tasks offer opportunities to strength-train. "As you boogie through your day," advises Peeke, "say, 'No, I can lift those grocery bags. I don't need a man to help me.'"

He doesn't use food as a therapist
Women are twice as likely as men to binge because they're depressed, reports a 2004 University of Minnesota study that examined the eating behavior of 1,800 people for a year. Women are also twice as likely as men to be depressed, which makes for a lot of eat-a-thons.

Worse, after a binge, a woman is likely to feel guilty, become even more depressed, and soothe herself with more gluttony. Confessed one woman (who requested anonymity because her boss reads this magazine): "When I'm really depressed, I've been known to wheel into McDonald's and order two shakes—one for me and one for my invisible friend in the back seat. No kidding. One vanilla, one chocolate.

Sometimes I even turn my head around and say, 'What do you want, chocolate?' like the drive-thru guy on the intercom can see me. It's sick!" Bottom line: No guy thinks he can boost his mood by mainlining frozen dairy products. You shouldn't either. Get off that circuit with these tips:

Identify what's behind your need to feed
Start making the connection between stuffing your face and stuffing your feelings. To do this, think Richter scale, says Santa Barbara, CA, psychotherapist Gloria Arenson, author of Five Simple Steps to Emotional Healing. "Rank your desire to eat on a scale of 1 to 10 as if it were an earthquake, 10 being 'Watch out!' If it's an 8, then look at what in your life was an 8 that day. Your boss yelled at you? Your dog ran away? Your kid got into trouble at school?"

By matching your numbers—the craving and an equivalent stressor—you'll soon learn how to determine whether you're hungry or medicating a bad mood. The technique works by erecting a mindfulness roadblock between you and that soothing piece of chocolate cheesecake. With practice, most people who use the rating system stop themselves before taking the first bite, says Arenson.

Take time for yourself
Guys do it, says Sass. "They'll say, 'I need to get away,' and go out and play basketball or golf with their buddies. Women don't say, 'I need to take the day off and get pampered.' For many women, their only pleasure, their only source of gratification and reward, is food." Starting today, snag a few hours for yourself, but don't use it to meet your girlfriends for lunch. Give yourself something inedible to look forward to, whether it's a Saturday morning at the outlets or a monthly girls' night out for pedicures at a spa.

Get physical with anger
"The standard prescription for a guy who's angry is to go out and pound nails, not eat chocolate," says Abramson. Guys are more likely to do something physical to dissipate their negative emotions. Women tend to swallow them—usually with an entire row of Oreo cookies. So when you get mad, get moving.

Stop making such a big deal
Guys may be less vulnerable to emotional eating because they tend not to dwell on things. Women, on the other hand, can spend hours turning one small negative thought around in their minds, adding a few others, and whipping it all into critical mass, says Yale University researcher Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, PhD, author of the new book Eating, Drinking, Overthinking. That's called rumination, and research suggests it can lead to depression, which itself can lead us directly to where we've hidden the Milano cookies.

Again, there's biology involved: In the brain, thoughts are linked in a network of associations, so I'm a fat pig lives on the same neural pathway as I'm a lousy cook and You're not going to amount to anything (that one's from your mother). Think about one and the others light up like an old-fashioned switchboard. Don't fall into the trap of using food to snap out of it. Instead, try this suggestion from Nolen-Hoeksema: Pick a word or phrase that makes you aware of what you're doing and helps you gain control (like Knock it off! or I won't let myself get sucked into this).

He doesn't give up stuff he likes
Austrian researchers, looking at gender differences in eating and dieting, found that "men's approach toward nutrition is uncomplicated and pleasure-oriented." For women, it's more punitive. Peeke agrees: "When guys go on a diet, they don't give up their Doritos. They're like Condi Rice—they negotiate. 'The big game is coming up. I'll have a third of the Doritos I usually do, but I will have some Doritos and guacamole.'"

We, on the other hand, approach dieting like ascetics, depriving ourselves of all those luscious "forbidden foods" until we can't stand it any longer. Then we fall like starved dogs on year-old Halloween candy stuck to the back of the freezer. In fact, studies by University of Toronto obesity researcher Janet Polivy, PhD, found that restrained eaters—that's the average female dieter—are more likely to not only overeat after dieting but also to gorge themselves if they just think they're going to go on a diet. Scientists call it "the last supper effect." Here's how to push away from this table:

Diet like a guy
For the most part, guys don't diet. Or, when they do, they make the commitment to eat less, don't agonize a lot, and wham, bam, there they are, all svelte again. Peeke calls it Home Depot syndrome. "A guy looks at his need to lose weight and sees it like a blueprint for building a cabinet—he has that much emotion about it," she says.

"It's a job, he gets his supplies, and he does it. If he thinks he's a fat-ass-lard-belly, he just says, 'Well, I guess I got myself here and I gotta get myself out—let's get this show on the road.'" You can do the same, says Peeke, if you make these words your mantra: Of course I can lose weight. Will it take longer than it takes my hubby? Yes. Do I have the patience? I do—and the journey begins today.

Don't ban your favorite food
Guys don't give up pleasure without a tussle. But one of the first things women forget when they try to lose weight is that life without chocolate is not worth living. Nothing can scuttle your good intentions like feeling deprived. "I order my clients to have something they love every day—a portion of ice cream, a small cupcake," says Arenson.

In fact, Toronto-based weight loss coach Mary Crawford lost more than 50 pounds on what she calls the Enjoyable Diet—a program she developed that allowed her to eat whatever she wanted every day. The catch: She restricted herself to 800 calories every other day and didn't diet on the alternate days. It may sound a little out-there, but the concept could help eliminate that girly dilemma that jettisons many a woman's best-laid diet plans: I want it—lots of it—because I can't have it.

Go for another consuming pleasure
"So many times women are told, 'If you feel like you're going to overeat, distract yourself by cleaning the house,'" says Sass. "That's like torturing yourself." No man in his right mind is going to do chores to keep himself from overeating. A guy will find a more hedonistic distraction, like shooting hoops in the driveway, playing his guitar, or making something with a life-threatening tool. Take a cue from him and look for something enjoyable that engages your hands and mind. One of Sass's clients took a jewelry-making class that has become her antidote to overeating. "All she thinks about now is how she's going to make her next piece instead of, What can I eat now?"

Bottom line: Weight loss is as much about attitude as it is about aptitude. And adopting a male mind-set, at least in this arena, can make you a leaner, more in-control woman.

Guy exercises for girls
Good Morning
Works butt and legs
Stand with feet a few inches apart, knees bent slightly. Hold two 10- to 15-pound dumbbells against your chest. With back flat and abs tight, slowly hinge forward at hips, lowering upper body while keeping back flat. Don't go beyond parallel to the floor. Pause, then stand back up. Do three sets of 8 to 10 reps.

Dumbbell Clean and Press
Works butt, legs, arms, and shoulders
Start in a squat, feet shoulder-width apart and knees bent. Hold an 8- to 10-pound dumbbell in each hand, at sides, palms in. As you curl weights up to shoulders, straighten legs and rise up onto toes. Lower heels as you turn palms out and press weights overhead. Pause, then lower weights, return to starting position, and repeat. Do three sets of 8 to 10 reps.

» Read More....

Beat Diet Downfalls

You probably have at least one vice that undermines your losing, or keeping off, unwanted pounds. For some people, the best way to deal with this is to go cold turkey—no more candy, no more fast food, no more evenings in front of the TV. But for many others, abolishing most-loved foods is the fastest route to weight loss failure.

That's why we're going to show you exactly how to incorporate the foods you crave into your everyday meals and still shed pounds.

Losing weight couldn't be easier! Get ready to slim down while living it up.

Meat & Potato Lovers
The key to losing weight while still eating the comfort foods you grew up with is learning how to prepare them with fewer calories. Start with smart choices: Lean cuts of red meat such as top round, sirloin, and London broil average 240 calories per 3-oz serving compared with their fattier cousins: prime rib, T-bone, and filet mignon, which weigh in at 340 calories for the same-size portion. Then grill or saute them in olive oil spray instead of butter to cut calories even further.

For variety, try pork tenderloin or tuna steak as hearty red-meat substitutes. And explore other side dishes such as sweet potatoes and whole grain rice or pasta. They have the same starchy feel as potatoes but boost your fiber intake to fill you up faster.

Menu
The protein from meat and the carbohydrates from potatoes are a great way to control your hunger. And with a little planning, they can help control your waistline too.Breakfast
1 cup bran flakes
1/2 cup 1 percent milk
1/2 cup blueberries

A high-fiber breakfast will help move some of the fat and calories from last night's dinner out of your body.

Lunch
Ham sandwich:
2 slices whole wheat bread
1 oz reduced-fat Swiss cheese
2 oz turkey ham
1 roasted red bell pepper
Romaine lettuce
1/2 cup macaroni salad
1 medium banana

For fewer calories, ask if your deli prepares low-fat or fat-free side dishes.

Dinner
1 cup tomato soup made with 1 percent milk
1 serving Sauteed Steak and Mushrooms
1 serving Guilt-Free Scalloped Potatoes
1 cup steamed broccoli
If you stick to the 3-oz serving size, you can eat meat most days of the week.

Snack
1 apple
12 potato chips

Having a piece of fruit along with the chips can stop you from eating the whole bag.

Total: 1,530 calories; 51 g fat

Fast Food Fans
Drive-thru food is great because it's quick and it tastes good. But there are ways to get the "fast" without the fat. Many burger places offer grilled chicken sandwiches and salad bars. If fried chicken is your weakness, picking off the breading strips calories while retaining the flavor, says Susan McQuillan, RD, a registered dietitian in New York City.

Overall, sub shops are a pretty safe bet—if you go easy on the mayo. And your grocery store is a great place to pick up healthy convenience foods such as reduced-fat hot dogs, low-fat frozen dinners, or stir-fry ensembles for quick meals at home.

But when you just can't shake the craving, it's perfectly fine to hit your local hot dog stand or burger joint—just mini-size your meal.

Menu
To make losing weight easy, it has to fit into your busy lifestyle. Here are some options you can grab on the go.

Breakfast
8 oz fat-free plain yogurt
1/3 cup strawberries
1 slice whole wheat toast with
1 Tbsp fruit spread

Wash and slice fruit the night before, or thaw the frozen kind in your refrigerator overnight.

Lunch
1 fast-food hamburger
1 small order fast-food french fries
1 12-oz cola

For a more filling meal, load up on low-calorie extras such as tomatoes, lettuce, onion, and pickles.Dinner
3 fish sticks, frozen
1/2 cup spaghetti with marinara sauce tossed with
1/2 cup cooked spinach and
2 Tbsp grated Parmesan cheese
1 whole wheat roll

Jarred tomato sauces with vegetables are still pretty light on fiber. For more bulk, microwave frozen veggies, and add them to the sauce.

Snack
1 banana
4 oz orange juice

Total: 1,739 calories; 56 g fat

Junk Food Junkies
The trick to slimming down with junk food is to avoid eating the whole bag. You can get instant portion control by buying single-serving sizes of chips, sugary cereals, or candy bars.

Also choose "healthier" junk foods: flavored oatmeal instead of sugary cereals, a burrito instead of a hot dog, or toasted pita crisps and hummus instead of chips and dip.

Avoid starting your day with a doughnut or pastry, though. These sugary treats can leave you feeling hungry again very quickly. If you must have one, at least pair your goodie with a healthy food such as an apple to help you ward off the munchies later on.

Menu
Here, we give you the luxury of enjoying both sweet- and salty-tasting junk foods throughout the day.

Breakfast
1/2 grapefruit
1 cup oatmeal
1/2 cup 1 percent milk

For a few extra calories, try bananas and cream, French vanilla, or other "junkier" flavored oatmeal.

Lunch
Turkey sandwich:
2 slices whole grain bread
2 oz turkey breast
1 Tbsp light mayonnaise
1/2 tomato, sliced
Romaine lettuce
1/2 cup corn chips

Baked varieties of chips won't save you any calories if you eat a big bag of them.Dinner
2 beef burritos, frozen
1/2 cup corn kernels mixed with
1/2 cup sliced red bell pepper

Microwave and eat one burrito at a time. After the first, you may decide not to go back for seconds.

Snack
1 jelly doughnut
1 cup 1 percent milk

Smaller doesn't always mean better. One creme-filled doughnut has fewer calories than four doughnut holes.

Total: 1,560 calories; 52 g fat

Dessert-aholics
You can satisfy your sweet tooth with fewer calories if you make the right choices. Most fruits and some vegetables are naturally sweet, so take advantage of these low-calorie treasures.

Rich fruits such as mango and banana are especially thick and creamy, while grapes and strawberries can be frozen for a snack that lasts longer and tastes sweeter, says former Prevention Food Editor Regina Ragone, RD. Other foods such as yogurt, jams, some light cheeses, and foods spiced with cinnamon or vanilla extract, can add instant pleasure to a meal.

But the decadent sweets you also crave—chocolate, cheesecake, ice cream—have their place in weight loss too. If you keep portions reasonable, you can have 100-200 calories of dessert every day, says McQuillan.

Menu
You can indulge your sweet tooth at every meal. Since most of these foods are naturally sweet, you won't be going overboard on sugar.

Breakfast
6 oz orange juice
1/2 toasted cinnamon raisin English muffin topped with
2 Tbsp reduced-fat ricotta cheese

An English muffin packs fewer calories than a plain bagel, and it tastes sweeter because it has more sugar.Lunch
Peanut butter and jelly sandwich:
2 slices whole wheat bread
2 Tbsp peanut butter
1/4 cup jam
1/2 cup carrot-raisin salad

This yummy classic offers just the right mix of carbohydrates, protein, and fat, so you'll stay full for hours.

Dinner
1 roasted chicken drumstick
1 baked sweet potato topped with
1/3 cup crushed pineapple packed in juice
1 cup steamed broccoli topped with
1 oz shredded Monterey Jack cheese
1 Chocolate Indulgence

Canned fruits are a great way to add flavor and are more nutritious than honey or brown sugar.

Snack
1 cup low-fat fruit yogurt
For more satisfaction, toss in some berries.

Total: 1,644 calories; 45 g fat

Take Out Queen
When it comes to having take out, it's what you do with the meal that makes a difference. If you're eating only pizza, it's easy to gobble down three or four slices. But round out your meal with a quick homemade salad, and you'll eat less.

For Chinese food, simply transfer it from the paper container to a plate, leaving extra sauce (and calories) behind. And rather than filling your plate with too much of one thing, you're better off getting four 1/2-cup portions of everything you want at a place such as Boston Market, even if that includes a fattening dish such as stuffing. That way, you'll get a more appetizing variety of colors, nutrients, and calories.

Weight loss advantage: Once you're out of the restaurant, there's no going back for seconds.

Menu
Whether they're from your local doughnut shop, deli, or pizza place, convenience foods can also be slimming ones.

Breakfast
1 toasted 4-oz bagel spread with 2 Tbsp cream cheese
1 orange

The honey-raisin bran muffin may seem healthier, but chances are it contains no more fiber and is heavier on calories.

Lunch
2 cups mixed greens topped with 1/2 cup three-bean salad and 1/2 cup German potato salad
3 flatbread crackers

Beans and greens are a great way to get the fiber you missed at breakfast.Dinner
2 slices cheese pizza
2 cups lettuce with 1/2 cup beans

For fewer calories, order Sicilian. You're more likely to eat fewer slices of this extra thick pizza.

Snack
8 oz low-fat lemon yogurt
1 pear

Total: 1,728 calories; 45 g fat

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Potentially Dangerous Diet Strategies

In the diet industry, anything goes. "Appetite-suppressing eyeglasses" boast colored lenses that are said to project an image on the retina that dampens the desire to eat. "Magic weight-loss earrings" are custom-fitted to the purchaser to stimulate, it is claimed, the acupuncture points controlling hunger. (Neither has been proven effective.) Much of the diet advice you encounter may be misleading, and some of it can be downright dangerous. Beware of the following weight-loss wonders.

Diet Pills. Over-the-counter "diet aids" really do work - but only for a while. They contain stimulants that decreases your appetite, and/or mild diuretics which cause you to eliminate fluids more quickly than normal. These pills can temporarily cause your weight to drop, but they won't eliminate body fat. As soon as you stop taking them, your weight is likely to bounce back to its previous level. Until recently, many diet pills contained phenylpropanolamine (PPA), a stimulant chemically similar to amphetamine. But the FDA is now taking steps to remove the drug from all products after researchers discovered that PPA slightly increased the risk of bleeding in the brain among women who used the drug for weight control or nasal decongestion. Other over-the-counter diet aids that pose dangers include herbal formulas containing ephedra or aristolochic acid, and supplements containing tiratricol, a potent thyroid hormone.

The side effects of diet pills can range from the mild - dizziness, nausea, and increased urination - to the severe - chest pain, heart attack, liver and kidney damage, stroke, seizures, and even death. The pills can be dangerous for people with heart problems, thyroid disease, and high blood pressure. "Pills are not the answer," says Dr. Pi-Sunyer. "The answer is diet and exercise. There is effort involved in weight loss."

Fasting. When you fast, you lose muscle before fat. After a day or two of fasting, many people succumb to a high-calorie binge. Long-term fasting is hazardous, since it weakens your immune system and places a strain on vital organs.

Skin Patches. These "diet patches," which supposedly contain an appetite suppressant, have not been proven safe or effective. The Food and Drug Administration has seized millions of these products from promoters.

Diuretics. The weight you lose is only water weight. The loss is temporary and doesn't include any fat. Diuretics can promote dangerous dehydration and cardiac problems.

Electrical muscle stimulators. These devices, which have legitimate medical uses in physical therapy, have no place in weight loss or body toning. You just can't zap off the fat. When used incorrectly, the devices can cause electrical shocks and burns.

» Read More....

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has just approved the over-the-counter (OTC) purchase of an orlistat pill. This product, with the brand name Alli, contains one-half the amount of orlistat present in the prescription product with the brand name Xenical.

Xenical has not proven a blockbuster drug for producing weight loss. In a series of trials, people taking Xenical for one year lost 6.4 lbs. more than did those taking a placebo during the same period. Not great, you would agree, but still better than the dozens of widely promoted weight-loss products for which no proof for any weight loss exists.

The other approved prescription drug for weight loss, sibutramine (Meridia), is somewhat more effective than Xenical. At the end of one year, those taking sibutramine lost 10 lbs. more than did those taking a placebo.

OTC Alli is taken three times daily, one with each major meal. The drug works by blocking the action of an intestinal enzyme required for the breakdown of the major dietary fats (triglycerides).

Undigested triglycerides cause the major side effects of orlistat - oily, liquid stools and frequent bowel movements. Weight loss is achieved for two reasons. First, a significant number of fat calories, which ordinarily account for about 30 percent of calories in the diet, are lost with the stools. In addition, people taking orlistat soon learn that they will have fewer intestinal symptoms if they reduce the amount of fat in their diet.

Fat-soluble vitamins - vitamins A, D, and E - are lost in the stools along with the undigested triglycerides. So, if you decide to try Alli, you should also add a multivitamin pill at bedtime.

The FDA warned that Alli should only be used by adults who are overweight or obese, and who have not had an organ transplant or intestinal problems associated with poor absorption of nutrients. The FDA notice also stated that anyone taking blood-thinning medications or who is being treated for diabetes or thyroid disorders should check with their doctor before taking orlistat.

It's not clear whether taking half the dose of Xenical will lead to even less weight loss than with Xenical itself, perhaps only three to four pounds by the end of a year. You should keep in mind the alternatives: In one year, you could lose five pounds by eliminating 50 calories a day, or 4.5 lbs. by walking one mile three times a week.

How can you eliminate 50 calories a day from your diet? One chocolate chip cookie, a 12-ounce beer, and an ounce of potato chips each contain about 150 calories. So all you have to do, for example, is to skip one of these every three days.

» Read More....

Lose Weight Without Dieting

Many people struggling with their weight are what Stephen P. Gullo, Ph.D., a prominent weight loss expert in New York City, calls food therapists—people who use food to deal with stress and the problems of life.

"They have developed a one-word response to any and all problems: Eat!" says Dr. Gullo, author of Thin Tastes Better (Carol Southern Books, 1995).

It's not surprising that so many people use food as a tranquilizer, says Dori Winchell, Ph.D., a psychologist in private practice specializing in eating disorders in Encinitas, CA. "From the time you're a baby through childhood, whenever you're unhappy, someone soothes you with a cookie. We've been pairing emotions with eating for so long that it's little wonder we know anything else." What's more, admits Dr. Winchell, food works. "Food can create soothing changes in brain chemistry, and even the simple act of chewing will increase endorphins and ease your pain."

To top it off, the stress you feel when you're upset actually makes you feel hungry and creates body fat. Chronic stress from deadline pressures at work to painful baggage from your past triggers your body to increase the production of cortisol, the hormone that encourages fat storage, particularly around the belly. Your body also pumps increased adrenaline into your bloodstream, which makes your pancreas churn out insulin. That leads to incessant hunger, explains Pamela M. Peeke, M.D., M.PH., assistant clinical professor of medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore and author of the best-selling book Fight Fat After Forty (Viking Press, 2000).You eat for relief, which, unfortunately, lasts only as long as the last bite. Then the problems you were trying to solve with food suddenly reappear. (Surprise: They never went away.) And you feel like a failure: Not only didn't you solve your problems, you created a new one, right there around your waist!

The solution? Find tools besides a fork to attack emotional angst. In the time it takes to forage for your favorite quick-fix food, you can take steps to break the cycle, beat stress, eliminate emotional eating, and yes, finally drop that excess weight for good without even trying.

Feed Your Real Hunger
Sometimes food cravings mean you want food, but often, especially for emotional eaters, they're saying you want something else: It could be creative stimulation, companionship, or more satisfaction in life. That was true for Karen Jones (not her real name) of Rockville, MD, who shed 70 lb from her 210-lb frame when she identified her eating triggers as boredom, frustration, and loneliness. "I'd tried, and ultimately failed, countless diets," says Jones. "But once I understood why I was eating and started confronting those issues head-on, the weight came off without any diet at all." Not sure what you're actually "hungry" for? Here's how to figure it out and "feed" it.

Play detective. Keep a food journal, suggests eating expert Joan Chrisler, Ph.D., professor of psychology at Connecticut College in New London. "Every time you reach for food, write down what you eat and how you were feeling. Bored? Frustrated? Happy? Before long, you'll see a pattern. Then you can start to break it."

Shop for some stimulants. Do you eat when you're bored? Time to make a new "grocery" list, says Dr. Chrisler. Buy inexpensive, accessible things such as books, CDs, and tapes or DVDs of favorite films that provide the emotional lift you're seeking from food. Keep them handy, and turn to them when you're down.

Make a human connection. "For some people, food is love," says Prevention columnist Edward M. Hallowell, MD, psychiatry instructor at Harvard Medical School. "You may be hungry for feeling, closeness, and companionship." Or, like Karen, you eat to escape painful feelings. "Make a human connection instead," suggests Dr. Hallowell. "Call your best friend." Make sure you pick someone who makes you feel good. If you have issues with a parent or friend, calling them could lead you to finish off an entire row of cookies.

Create new habits. Many people eat every time there's a lull, such as during TV commercials, says eating disorders expert Sandra Haber, Ph.D., adjunct associate clinical professor at Adelphi University's Derner Institute in New York City. Be prepared for those lulls. "Keep manicure supplies, stacks of empty photo albums, or a cross-stitch project by the TV for something to do," she suggests. Even better, find a hobby. When you're engrossed in something you love, you forget all about eating, especially if you're active. Falling in love with bicycling, for instance, has helped Karen Jones maintain her new 140-lb figure.

Head toward your dreams. Maybe you're hungering for a big change, such as a more satisfying career. Go for it, one little step at a time. "Take a class at a community college, or just start talking to people in that field. Moving toward goals is exhilarating," says Dr. Peeke, who saw one client drop 60 lb once she left a safe but unfulfilling job and pursued her dreams to be a caterer.

Rethink your rewards. Like most people, you probably eat to celebrate happiness too. (Don't most happy occasions involve eating?) Find new, affordable rewards such as earrings or tickets to a play or movie.

Put Down Your Pain
Suppressed emotional pain can show up as excess pounds, even if that pain is from your deep past, says Dr. Winchell. Research shows that bad childhood experiences can lead to self-nurturing with food. You can't change the past, but you can improve the present. Here's how.

Confront the here and now. "If dwelling on the past burned calories, no woman would be overweight," says Dr. Peeke. "Instead of ruminating, take action." If your mother was abusive, resolve to be a better mother yourself. If certain relatives upset you, limit your time with them. And if you need help, get therapy. "When you confront your pain head-on, it gives you control of it, so you don't need food," says Karen Jones.

Speak up. "We all want harmony, but achieving true harmony doesn't mean stuffing down feelings—and food—like many women do," says Dr. Haber. "It means speaking up and letting the people in your life know how you feel. Finding that courage is empowering," she says, and it can help you deal both with the people in your life and food.

Rewrite history. "When was the last time you succeeded, laughed, or had a great time?" asks Dr. Winchell. "How did you feel? Rewrite your mental history books to focus on those moments, and you'll spend less time eating your sorrows away." School, work, and society teach us to concentrate on our mistakes, so we can correct them. The result: We remember all the bad stuff. Every time a bad memory pops up, replace it with a good one. You'll feel better about your life.

Make nice with yourself. For a day, pretend you have a cartoon bubble over your head, and catch everything you say to yourself, suggests Dr. Haber. Write it down, and read it back. Negative self-talk keeps you buried in your pain. "Keep saying you're fat and lazy, and it's little wonder that you hide away and feed yourself junk," she says. Instead, offer yourself the same encouragement you'd give to a friend. It feels artificial at first, but when you catch yourself saying something mean, stop, and make it nice.

Feed your soul. Nurturing your spiritual self is a way to heal pain and lose weight. In surveys by The Solution, a weight loss program that focuses on skills in self-nurturing and limit setting, program founder Laurel Mellin, RD, the author of a book by the same name (The Solution, Regan, 1998) found that the 73 percent of participants who developed a deeper sense of spirituality were more likely to maintain their weight loss and lost seven times as much weight as those who didn't gain spiritual depth. Church is one place to find spiritual purpose, but there are other places to look. "Try volunteering," says Dr. Peeke. "Serve food at a shelter. Help an adult learn to read. When you teach someone else, you learn to believe in yourself. You also get in touch with your human spirit."

Step toward success. Don't let the fact that kids used to taunt you for being fat define you, says Dr. Peeke. "Say, 'Okay, I have a problem with weight, but that doesn't make me a terrible person.' Focus on something you do well. When you succeed at something, your self-worth increases, and you feel able to succeed in other areas of life, too."

Learn to Relax
To completely conquer emotional eating, you need to trump stress, the source of anxiety and artificial food cravings. "I was amazed to learn that all my pangs didn't mean I was really hungry," says Naomi Henderson, 58, an entrepreneur in Bethesda, MD, who found herself growing along with her new company. "I'd eat a full meal and be ravenous 45 minutes later! All my cravings were from stress." Stress-taming tricks such as beginning each day with a 20-minute blissful bath instead of a hurry-up shower helped her drop from a size 18 to a 12.

Of course, tried-and-true stress blasters such as steamy baths and good books help douse stress for the moment. But to really give it the heave-ho, you need to stress-proof your body with lasting relaxation exercises. Two of the best: yoga and meditation. These practices use deep breathing and mental concentration to make you more aware of your body and emotions. Deep-breathing relaxation exercises also affect your body's physiology, lowering blood pressure and slowing heart rate, making it easier to distance yourself from the everyday worries that trigger stress and overeating.There are many variations of meditation. Some require professional instruction; others are extremely simple.Or try yoga. Yoga classes and videotapes are available nearly everywhere.

Tips to Stop Emotional Eating
# During down times, remember good times: Stick old photos in albums instead of eating chocolates.
# Comfort yourself with a new pair of shoes. They'll look better on you than the extra weight you'll gain from a Boston cream doughnut.
# Keep a little project near the TV to avoid eating during commercial breaks. This one will really pay off.

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Weight: A Mid-life Crisis

When Bonnie came to the crossroads of mid-life, she stopped for a minute to take stock of her life. It was time to get healthy or continue down the path of self-neglect.

"I had babies and I fed myself. I was very good to myself, and then I went, uumph!"
I am not even five feet tall, so my normal weight should be about 100 pounds. When I had my first child I went to 130 pounds. Then with the next child I went to 150 pounds. With each pregnancy I worked my way back to 115 pounds, but it took up to three years to get there. My last child was premature, she weighed four pounds and I gained maybe 40 pounds. I was almost 40 when I had that baby and that is when I realized losing the weight was going to be incredibly hard. My hormones had changed, and I did everything that I could do to lose weight. I didn't binge and purge, but I would starve myself and deprive myself.

"When I became middle aged I thought there were two ways to go: get fat or get fit."
When you are a woman mid 40s-50s, you either go this way or that way. You either address the issue that your biological body is changing and has changed forever, or you ignore it and you can be an overweight, unhappy, middle aged woman.

A woman has the greatest disadvantage because of her hormones -- they shut down. You have reproductive time, but when your reproductive season is over, it doesn't mean that your body is over. It means that it is different, and you have to address those differences. Insomnia, menopause, weight gain -- what do you do about that? You don't ignore it. You address it. You find out what is right for you. Study, research, share with friends, pay attention and keep a journal.

"Being a naturalist, I looked for a natural way to help with weight loss."
An herb that came out about seven years ago called Hoodia worked for me, but I also learned that your body needs to eat. You can never lose weight by not eating. You have to eat and you have to eat smart. I drink soy protein drinks, and I eat very well, very naturally.

"Any movement counts."

A dear friend of mine, her husband is a paraplegic. He is a fine artist and amazing, but he is also as big as my finger. One day I said, "Gee, he is so thin," and she said, "Do you see what he is doing? He is sitting in the chair wiggling. His doctor says that he burns 4,200 calories a day just through his wiggles." I thought to myself, if I sit there and read a book and shake my hand, can I lose weight? Yes! Any movement counts.

The last part that I do for myself as a woman is dance. I dance every single day of my life. I dance in front of a mirror, I do yoga, I do tai chi, I do movement to music because it makes me feel sensual, and that is important to me. I hope I do it until I am 90.

"I stripped down and looked myself over."

I taught acting for many years and one of the exercises was what I called an act of accountability. It is scary, but it's a moment of truth. You shut the door and you don't tell anyone what you are going to do. You strip naked and assess what you have. But instead of going "I hate my hips," look at what is beautiful. There are more lovely things happening in a woman's body than there are things that are horrible.

"This is a marvelous time of life."
I have lost about 30 pounds, and I feel better and more youthful than I did when I was young.

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Boost Weight Loss

By Chris Freytag, Prevention

Q: I work long hours and sometimes get so busy that I totally forget to eat lunch. I make it to the gym several times a week and really feel like I don't eat very much, so why am I having such a hard time losing weight?

A: Part of your problem may be your metabolism! Metabolism is the rate at which your body burns calories to sustain life. Your body needs energy all day whether you are sleeping, sitting or exercising. By skipping meals, your metabolic thermostat shuts down to conserve energy while waiting for appropriate fuel. This is why skipping meals can actually hurt your weight loss efforts rather than help.

I strongly advocate the idea of mini-meals especially when you are so busy at work that you can't take time to go to lunch. Bring healthy snacks to work—almonds, apples, string cheese, yogurt just to name a few! Mini-meals help you succeed on both mental and physical levels. Psychologically, mini-meals can help reduce cravings or poor food choices out of sheer hunger! Physically, eating small amounts every two to four hours helps to keep your blood sugar on an even keel and may even help your metabolism to keep burning at a higher rate.

You say you work out regularly but are you doing any strength training? Muscle is the other secret to keeping your metabolism revved! Muscle eats more calories at a resting heart rate than body fat so the more muscle on your body, the more calories you burn daily whether you workout or not. Starting at around the age of 35, women start to lose 1/2-1 pound of muscle a year unless you are actively doing something to keep it up.

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Dieting is the practice of ingesting food in a regulated fashion to achieve a particular objective. In many cases the goal is weight loss, but some athletes aspire to gain weight (usually in the form of muscle) and diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight.

Types of dieting

There are several kinds of diets:

* Weight-loss diets restrict the intake of specific foods, or food in general, to reduce body weight. What works to reduce body weight for one person will not necessarily work for another, due to metabolic differences and lifestyle factors. Also, for a variety of reasons, most people find it very difficult to maintain significant weight loss over time. There is some thought that losing weight quickly may actually make it more difficult to maintain the loss over time. It is also possible that cutting calorie intake too low slows or prevents weight loss. The National Institutes of Health notes that the commonly recommended program of reduced caloric intake along with increased physical activity has a long-term failure rate of 98%.
* Many professional athletes impose weight-gain diets on themselves. American football players may try to "bulk up" through weight-gain diets in order to gain an advantage on the field with a higher mass.
* Individuals who are underweight, such as those recovering from anorexia nervosa or from starvation, may undergo weight-gain diets which, unlike those of athletes, has the goal of restoring normal levels of body fat, muscle, and stores of essential nutrients.

Many people in the acting industry may choose to lose or gain weight depending on the role they're given.

In children and young adults

Receiving adequate nutrition through a well-balanced diet is critical during childhood and adolescence. Unless a doctor says otherwise, low-carb, low-fat, or other specialty diets for children who are not heavily obese are unhealthy because they deprive the body of the building blocks of cells (namely energy and lipids in the above examples).

It is especially notable that, as more cultures scrutinize their diets, many improperly educated mothers consider putting their children on restricted diets that actually do more harm than good. This is extremely deleterious to a young child's health because a full and balanced diet (fats, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, etc.) is needed for growth.[1] Vegetarian diets can work for children as long as all needed nutrients are received. A doctor should be consulted before putting any child on a specialized diet.

Research also shows that putting children on diet foods can be harmful. The brain is unable to learn how to correlate taste with nutritional value, which is why such children may consistently overeat later in life despite adequate nutritional intake. [2]

History of targeted dieting

In the broadest sense, at least some targeted dieting has clearly existed since prehistoric times for various social, religious, and biological reasons.

See Luigi Cornaro for a 16th century treatise on dieting. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, physicians and patients regulated their food carefully, in order to prevent disease. In the 19th century, as the scientific classification of foods took shape, doctors and scientists began experimenting with targeted diets.

William Banting is one of the first people known to have successfully lost weight by developing a targeted diet, circa 1863, by targeting carbohydrates. The low carbohydrate diet, sometimes marketed today as the Atkins Diet, remains popular today.

Thermoregulation

According to the principles of thermoregulation, humans are endotherms. We expend energy to maintain our blood temperature at body temperature, which is about 37 °C (98.6 °F). This is accomplished by metabolism and blood circulation, by shivering to stay warm, and by sweating to stay cool.[3]

In addition to thermoregulation, humans expend energy keeping the vital organs (especially the lungs, heart and brain) functioning. Except when sleeping, our skeletal muscles are working, typically to maintain upright posture. The average work done just to stay alive is the basal metabolic rate, which (for humans) is about 1 watt per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of body mass. Thus, an average man of 75 kilograms (165 lbs) who just rests (or only walks a few steps) burns about 75 watts (continuously), or about 6,500 kilojoules (1,440 Calories) per day or 1 Calorie each minute.

Physical exercise

Physical exercise is an important complement to dieting in securing weight loss. Aerobic exercise is also an important part of maintaining normal good health, especially the muscular strength of the heart. To be useful, aerobic exercise requires maintaining a target heart rate of above 50 percent of one's resting heart rate for 30 minutes, at least 3 times a week. Brisk walking can accomplish this.

The ability of a few hours a week of exercise to contribute to weight loss can be somewhat overestimated. To illustrate, consider a 100-kilogram (220 lbs) man who wants to lose 10 kilograms (22 lbs) and assume that he eats just enough to maintain his weight (at rest), so that weight loss can only come from exercise. Those 10 (22 lbs) kilograms converted to work are equivalent to about 350 megajoules. (We use an approximation of the standard 37 kilojoules or 9 Calories per gram of fat.) Now assume that his chosen exercise is stairclimbing and that he is 20 percent efficient at converting chemical energy into mechanical work (this is within measured ranges). To lose the weight, he must ascend 70 kilometers. A man of normal fitness (like him) will be tired after 500 meters of climbing (about 150 flights of stairs), so he needs to exercise every day for 140 days (to reach his target). However, exercise (both aerobic and anaerobic) would increase the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) for some time after the workout. This ensures more calorific loss than otherwise estimated.

The minimum safe dietary energy intake (without medical supervision) is 75 percent of that needed to maintain basal metabolism. For our hypothetical 100-kilogram man, that minimum is about 5,700 kilojoules (1,300 calories) per day. By combining daily aerobic exercise with a weight-loss diet, he would be able to lose 10 kilograms in half the time (70 days). Of course, the described regime is more rigorous than would be desirable or advisable for many persons. Therefore, under an effective but more manageable weight-loss program, losing 10 kilograms (about 20 pounds) may take as long as 6 months.

There are also some easy ways for people to exercise, such as walking rather than driving, climbing stairs instead of taking elevators, doing more housework with fewer power tools, or parking their cars farther and walking to school or the office.

Fat loss versus muscle loss

It is important to understand the difference between weight loss and fat loss. Weight loss typically involves the loss of fat, water and muscle. A dieter can lose weight without losing much fat. Ideally, overweight people should seek to lose fat and preserve muscle, since muscle burns more calories than fat. Generally, the more muscle mass one has, the higher one's metabolism is, resulting in more calories being burned, even at rest. Since muscles are more dense than fat, muscle loss results in little loss of physical bulk compared with fat loss. To determine whether weight loss is due to fat, various methods of measuring body fat percentage have been developed.

Muscle loss during weight loss can be restricted by regularly lifting weights (or doing push-ups and other strength-oriented calisthenics) and by maintaining sufficient protein intake. According to the National Academy of Sciences, the Dietary Reference Intake for protein is "0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight for adults."

Those on low-carbohydrate diets, and those doing particularly strenuous exercise, may wish to increase their protein intake which is necessary. However, there may be risks involved. According to the American Heart Association, excessive protein intake may cause liver and kidney problems and may be a risk factor for heart disease.[4] There is no conclusive evidence that moderately high protein diets in healthy individuals are dangerous, however, it has only been shown that these diets are dangerous in individuals who already have kidney and liver problems.

Energy obtained from food

The energy humans get from food is limited by the efficiency of digestion and the efficiency of utilization. The efficiency of digestion is largely dependent on the type of food being eaten. Poorly chewed seeds are poorly digested. Refined sugars and fats are absorbed almost completely. Chewing does not compensate for the calorie content of a food that is eaten; even celery, which is primarily indigestible cellulose, contains enough sugars to easily compensate for the cost of chewing it.

Proper nutrition

Food provides nutrients from six broad classes: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, dietary minerals, and water. Carbohydrates are metabolized to provide energy. Proteins provide amino acids, which are required for cell, especially muscle, construction. Essential fatty acids are required for brain and cell membrane construction. Vitamins and trace minerals help maintain proper electrolyte balance and are required for many metabolic processes.

Any diet that fails to meet minimum nutritional requirements can threaten general health (and physical fitness in particular). If a person is not well enough to be active, weight loss and good quality of life will be unlikely.

The National Academy of Sciences and the World Health Organization publish guidelines for dietary intakes of all known essential nutrients.

Sometimes dieters will ingest excessive amounts of vitamin and mineral supplements. While this is usually harmless, some nutrients are dangerous. Men (and women who don't menstruate) need to be wary of iron poisoning. Retinol (oil-soluble vitamin A) is toxic in large doses. As a general rule, most people can get the nutrition they need from foods (there are specific exceptions; vegans often need to supplement vitamin B12). In any event, a multivitamin taken once a day will suffice for the majority of the population.

A sensible weight-loss diet is a normal balanced diet; it just comes with smaller portions and perhaps some substitutions (e.g. low-fat milk, or less salad dressing). Extreme diets may lead to malnutrition, and are less likely to be effective at long-term weight loss in any event.

How the body gets rid of fat

All body processes require energy to run properly. When the body is expending more energy than it is taking in (e.g. when exercising), body cells rely on internally stored energy sources, like complex carbohydrates and fats, for energy. The first source the body turns to is glycogen, which is a complex carbohydrate created by the body. When that source is nearly depleted, the body begins lipolysis, the metabolism of fat for energy. In this process, fats, obtained from fat cells, are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be used to make energy. The primary by-products of metabolism are carbon dioxide and water; carbon dioxide is expelled through the respiratory system.

Fats are also secreted by the sebaceous glands (in the skin).
Psychological aspects of weight-loss dieting
Diets affect the "energy in" component of the energy balance by limiting or altering the distribution of foods. Techniques that affect the appetite can limit energy intake by affecting the desire to overeat.

Consumption of low-energy, fiber-rich foods, such as non-starchy vegetables, is effective in obtaining satiation (the feeling of "fullness"). Exercise is also useful in controlling appetite as is drinking water and sleeping. (Extreme physical fatigue, such as experienced by soldiers and mountain climbers, can make eating a difficult chore.)

The use of drugs to control appetite is also common. Stimulants are often taken as a means to suppress (normal, healthy) hunger by people who are dieting. Ephedrine (through facilitating the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline) stimulates the alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor subtype, which is known to act as an anorectic. L-Phenylalanine, an amino acid found in whey protein powders also has the ability to suppress appetite by increasing the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) which sends a satiety signal to the brain.

Weight loss groups

There exist both profit-oriented and non-profit weight loss organizations who assist people in their weight loss efforts. An example of the former is Weight Watchers ; examples of the latter include Overeaters Anonymous, as well as a multitude of non-branded support groups run by local churches, hospitals, and like-minded individuals.

These organizations' customs and practices differ widely. Some groups are modelled on twelve-step programs, while others are quite informal. Some groups advocate certain prepared foods or special menus, while others train dieters to make healthy choices from restaurant menus and while grocery-shopping and cooking.

Most groups leverage the power of group meetings to provide counseling, emotional support, problem-solving, and useful information.

Popular weight-loss diets

Popular diets (sometimes pejoratively called "fad diets") usually derive their popularity from the personalities of their proponents. These proponents include "diet gurus" and celebrity converts. "Diet books" are the primary means of communicating the specifics of popular diets.

Most popular diets experience short-lived popularity, partly because new diet books are continuously being published.

Judging the effectiveness (and nutritional merit) of popular diets can be especially difficult. Diet proponents often locate medical professionals to back up their work. Some diets are so controversial that they divide the medical community.

Many popular diets advocate the combination of a specific technique (such as eliminating a certain food, or eating only certain combinations of foods) with reduced caloric intake, with the goal being to accelerate weight loss. Others ignore traditional science altogether.

Low-fat diets

Low-fat diets were popular during the 1980s and 1990s, encouraging people to eat foods low in fat (or without fat altogether) and instead eat foods high in carbohydrates. The general public came to believe, partly due to information from low-fat diet proponents, that carbohydrates were "energy food" and that only fat made people fat. This led to high consumption of low-fat foods high in refined carbohydrates (notably corn syrup), which may have contributed towards increased weight gain as carbohydrates (particularly refined carbohydrates) have a low nutrient density and high in calories. Some low-fat diets like the Pritikin diet focus on whole grains, vegetables and lean meats.

Atkins diet

Main article: Atkins Nutritional Approach

The Atkins diet was developed by Dr. Robert Atkins' and intended to control blood sugar by reducing the number of carbohydrates consumed (particularly refined carbohydrates) while replacing them with significant quantities of fat and protein. The Atkins diet was originally designed for diabetes patients who wanted to manage their insulin levels more effectively. The short-term changes experienced by individuals on the Atkins diet include some rapid weight-loss as the body's glycogen stores were depleted, reducing fasting levels of triglycerides and an increasing blood-bound ketones. The diet also causes acidosis and mild fatigue.

Natural diets

Since the advent of controversial diets such as Atkins, various diets that stress the eating habits of "natural humans" have been developed. The Paleolithic Diet imitates the way people ate during the Stone Age. These eating plans include basically natural foods (those not processed by humans). Whereas the Paleolithic Diet excludes milk and grain-foods, The Evolution Diet excludes human-made ingredients such as partially hydrogenated oils but allows some processed foods such as whole-grain crackers and dairy products. Anthropologists who focus their research on human evolution, however, are quick to point out that the diet of Paleolithic peoples was most likely opportunistic. That is, these early humans would most likely eat whatever edible foods were available at any given moment in that particular area (e.g. vegetables, termites, meat) and not restrict their intake of any food. Until recent human history, starvation has been a far greater threat than over-consumption.

Vegetarian diet

There is a growing body of evidence that vegetarian diets can prevent obesity and lower disease risks.

According to the American Dietetic Association, "Vegetarians have been reported to have lower body mass indices than nonvegetarians, as well as lower rates of death from ischemic heart disease; vegetarians also show lower blood cholesterol levels; lower blood pressure; and lower rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and prostate and colon cancer."

Vegetarians on average weigh 10 percent less than non-vegetarians. And in a year-long study comparing Dean Ornish's vegetarian diet to Weight Watchers, The Zone Diet, and The Atkins Diet, subjects on The Atkins Diet achieved the most weight loss (on average). Strict vegetarian diets like veganism may result in certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies if attention isn't paid to nutrition.

Weight Watchers

Main article: Weight Watchers

Weight Watchers has two programs. The program offers a wide variety and foods. Each food has a point value. They encourage a well rounded diet, low in fat and high in fruits and vegetables. The core plan focuses more on portion control and natural foods. According to Weight Watchers, the act of keeping track of what one eats is very helpful in reducing overeating or eating for reasons other than hunger.

Dangers

Extreme calorie restriction, medication or unusual patterns of eating (i.e. restricting food consumption to a single fruit or meal) can be dangerous.

Medications
Certain medications can be prescribed to assist in weight loss. Some, like amphetamines, are dangerous now banned for casual weight loss. Others, including those containing vitamins and minerals, are not effective for losing weight.

Diuretics
Diuretics induce weight loss through the excretion of water. These medication or herbs will reduce the amount that a body weighs, but will have no effect on an individual's body fat. Diuretics can thicken the blood, cause cramping, kidney and liver damage.

Stimulants
Stimulants such as ephedrine (now illegal in the United States due to an FDA ban) or synephrine work to increase the basal metabolic rate and reduce appetite. Stimulants can cause kidney and liver damage, sudden heart attacks, addiction, and ischemic strokes.

In June 2006, the European Union approved the sale of the diet drug rimonabant, marketed under the trade name Acomplia. This new class of diet pills shows some promise in assisting physician-prescribed diets.

Dangers of fasting

Main article: Fasting

Lengthy fasting can be dangerous due to the risk of malnutrition and should be carried out under medical supervision. During fasting, low-carbohydrate or very low calorie diets a lack of blood glucose, the preferred energy source of the brain, causes the body to metabolize sugars from protein, which can lead to muscle wasting.

Side effects

Dieting, especially extreme food-intake reduction and rapid weight loss, can have the following side effects:

* Prolonged hunger
* Depression
* Reduced sex drive
* Fatigue
* Irritability
* Fainting
* Sinus problems (especially post-nasal drip)
* Muscle atrophy
* Rashes
* Acidosis
* Bloodshot eyes
* Gallbladder disease
* Seizures
* Malnutrition, possibly leading to death

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